Hemophilia is a rare bleeding disorder. Normally, the body uses proteins called “clotting factors” to stop bleeding when we get injured. In hemophilia, one of these clotting factors is missing or doesn’t work properly. This makes it harder for the blood to clot, leading to longer bleeding times after injuries—or even bleeding that starts without a clear cause.

Hemophilia is considered rare. It affects about 1 in 5,000 boys, and it is usually inherited from a parent’s genes. Girls can carry the gene and may sometimes have mild symptoms, but the condition is much more common in boys. While rare, hemophilia is well understood, and safe, effective hemophilia treatment options are available.

Hemophilia isn’t the same for everyone. Doctors usually identify it as:

• Hemophilia A: Caused by low levels of clotting factor VIII.

• Hemophilia B: Caused by low levels of clotting factor IX.

• Other rare types: Such as hemophilia C or acquired hemophilia, which usually occur less often.

Knowing the type helps doctors decide the best treatment plan.

Signs can look different depending on the child and the severity, but common symptoms include:

• Bruises that appear easily and often.

• Bleeding for a long time after small cuts, dental visits, or vaccinations.

• Swelling or pain in joints from bleeding inside the body.

• In severe cases, spontaneous bleeding without injury.
  

The main reason a child develops hemophilia is a problem with the genes that control clotting factors in the blood. These genes are responsible for producing proteins that help the blood clot properly. When the gene doesn’t work as it should, the clotting factor is missing or doesn’t function correctly.

Here’s a breakdown:

• Genetic inheritance (most common cause):
  
  • Hemophilia is usually passed down from parent to child through the X chromosome.

  • Since boys have only one X chromosome (XY), a faulty gene will cause hemophilia.

  • Girls have two X chromosomes (XX). If one has the faulty gene, the other X can often compensate, making them “carriers” with mild or no symptoms.

• New genetic mutation:
  • Sometimes hemophilia appears even when there’s no family history.

  • This happens because of a spontaneous mutation in the clotting factor gene.

• Acquired hemophilia (rare):
  • This form develops later in life, not from birth.

  • The immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own clotting factors.

  • It can be linked to conditions like autoimmune diseases, pregnancy, or certain medications.

If a child shows symptoms, doctors may recommend:

• Blood tests to check clotting times and factor levels.

• Family history reviews to see if hemophilia runs in the family.

• Genetic testing to confirm the diagnosis.

Early diagnosis is important, as it allows families to start hemophilia treatment before serious complications occur.

While there isn’t a cure yet, today’s treatments make a huge difference in children’s lives. Options include:

• Factor replacement therapy: Giving the missing clotting factor through infusions to help the blood clot normally.

• Non-factor therapies: Newer medicines that prevent bleeding episodes more effectively.

• Supportive care: Physiotherapy for joint health, protective gear during play, and avoiding activities with high injury risks.

With the right hemophilia treatment, many children can go to school, play sports safely, and enjoy active lives.

Hemophilia may sound overwhelming at first, but with early diagnosis and the right treatment, children can grow up healthy and strong. Advances in hemophilia treatment mean fewer complications and more opportunities for kids to live confidently.

Remember, you are not alone on this journey. Your pediatrician and care team are there to guide and support your family every step of the way. With proper care today, your child can look forward to a brighter, healthier tomorrow.