Elbow

Tennis elbow, medically known as lateral epicondylitis, is a common overuse injury causing pain on the outer part of the elbow. It results from repetitive stress to the tendons that attach the forearm muscles to the bony prominence of the lateral epicondyle. Although commonly associated with tennis players, it affects a wide range of individuals performing repetitive wrist and arm motions.

Causes include:

• Frequent gripping or wrist extension activities 
• Repetitive lifting or twisting motions 
• Improper technique during sports or manual labor 

Symptoms to recognize:

• Sharp or burning pain on the outer elbow 
• Weakness in the forearm and difficulty gripping objects 
• Pain worsening with activity or prolonged use 

Treatment approaches often begin conservatively:

• Rest and activity modification 
• Ice application and anti-inflammatory medications 
• Physical therapy focusing on stretching and strengthening 
• Bracing to reduce tendon strain 
• Corticosteroid injections in persistent cases 

In rare instances, surgery may be required to remove damaged tendon tissue. Early intervention can prevent chronic pain and loss of function.

Elbow fractures and dislocations are serious injuries resulting from trauma such as falls, direct blows, or accidents. A fracture involves a break in one or more of the elbow bones, while dislocation occurs when the joint surfaces are forced out of their normal alignment.

Common types include:

• Olecranon fractures: Breaks in the bony tip of the elbow. 
• Radial head fractures: Affecting the part of the radius near the elbow. 
• Dislocations: Usually caused by falls on an outstretched hand or severe trauma. 

Symptoms typically involve:

• Intense pain and swelling 
• Visible deformity or inability to move the elbow 
• Bruising and numbness if nerves are affected 

Initial management involves immobilization and pain control. Imaging, such as X-rays or CT scans, determines the fracture type and severity. Treatment options range from casting and splinting to surgical fixation using plates, screws, or pins to realign and stabilize the bones.

Prompt treatment is essential to avoid complications like stiffness, nerve damage, or arthritis. Rehabilitation after healing is critical to regain motion and strength.

Cubital tunnel syndrome arises from compression or irritation of the ulnar nerve as it passes through the cubital tunnel on the inner side of the elbow. This condition leads to numbness, tingling, and weakness primarily affecting the ring and little fingers.

Causes include:

• Prolonged elbow flexion or repetitive bending 
• Direct pressure on the elbow during resting or leaning 
• Injury or swelling narrowing the cubital tunnel 
• Anatomical variations or scar tissue formation 

Signs and symptoms to watch for:

• Tingling or “pins and needles” sensation in the ring and little fingers 
• Weak grip and difficulty finger coordination 
• Pain or aching on the inner elbow 
• Muscle wasting in advanced cases 

Conservative treatment options:

• Avoiding repetitive elbow bending and pressure 
• Using elbow pads or splints to keep the arm straight during sleep 
• Physical therapy to improve nerve gliding and reduce inflammation 
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain relief 

In severe or persistent cases, surgical decompression or nerve transposition may be necessary to relieve pressure and restore nerve function.

Elbow replacement surgery, or total elbow arthroplasty, is a specialized procedure to replace a damaged or arthritic elbow joint with artificial components. This surgery is considered when conservative treatments fail to relieve pain or restore function in cases of severe arthritis, fractures, or joint degeneration.

Indications for surgery include:

• Advanced rheumatoid or osteoarthritis causing debilitating pain 
• Complex fractures that cannot be repaired 
• Failed previous surgeries or severe joint deformities 

The procedure involves removing the damaged bone and cartilage and replacing them with metal and plastic prosthetic parts designed to mimic natural joint movement. Elbow replacement aims to reduce pain, improve range of motion, and restore arm strength.

Advantages of elbow replacement:

• Significant pain relief and improved daily function 
• Preservation of joint movement allowing essential activities 
• Long-lasting prosthetics with advances in materials and design 

Recovery requires a carefully managed rehabilitation plan to prevent stiffness and maximize strength. While complications are uncommon, risks include infection, prosthetic loosening, or nerve injury, which are minimized with expert surgical care.

Rehabilitation after elbow surgery is critical for restoring mobility, strength, and function. It begins with protecting the surgical site while preventing stiffness and gradually increasing activity based on healing progress.

Phases of rehabilitation include:

• Immobilization and pain control: Using a splint or brace initially to protect the joint and manage swelling. 
• Range of motion exercises: Gentle, passive movements initiated early to avoid stiffness without compromising healing. 
• Strengthening exercises: Focused on the forearm, biceps, triceps, and surrounding muscles to support joint stability. 
• Functional training: Activities to regain daily living skills such as lifting, pushing, and fine motor control. 

Physical therapy sessions guide patients through progressive stages tailored to their surgery type and individual recovery. Patient adherence and consistent exercise are essential for optimal outcomes. Rehabilitation aims not only at regaining movement but also preventing complications such as joint contracture and muscle weakness.

The elbow plays a vital role in the complex functions of the arm, enabling precise movements essential for countless everyday tasks. Conditions affecting the elbow, from overuse injuries like tennis elbow to traumatic fractures and nerve compressions, can significantly impair quality of life if left untreated. Advances in diagnostic tools and treatment modalities, including surgical options like elbow replacement, offer effective solutions for severe or chronic problems. Comprehensive post-operative rehabilitation ensures recovery of strength and function, minimizing long-term limitations.

At Kannappa Memorial Hospital, expert orthopedic specialists provide personalized care covering diagnosis, minimally invasive surgery, and advanced rehabilitation techniques. Whether managing acute injuries or chronic degenerative conditions, the hospital’s multidisciplinary approach supports patients in regaining pain-free mobility and returning to their active lifestyles with confidence.